CONCLUSIONS: MODFUS demonstrates the influence of incorporating detailed tissue heterogeneity on simulation outcomes, including pressure distribution and potential BBB exposure volume. These results highlight the importance of realistic soft tissue modeling and stereotaxic probe alignment for safe and effective FUS treatment planning. The study serves as a preliminary proof-of-concept. Future studies incorporating in vivo experiments will be required to quantify the accuracy of this approach.

The CROSSBRAIN EU project aims to address the heterogeneous nature of brain pathologies by developing wireless implantable microbots (µBots, planned dimensions 100 × 100 × 100 μm³) for highly localized neuromodulation. These devices are designed to precisely modulate brain activity with minimal invasiveness, enabling targeted resolution of specific spatiotemporal events, capabilities not currently achieved by existing neuromodulation technologies. A crucial step involves visualizing and ensuring...

Neuromodulation techniques have emerged as transformative tools for treating several neurological and psychiatric disorders, offering alternatives to traditional pharmacological approaches often hindered by the blood-brain barrier and off-target effects. While conventional modalities like deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and optogenetics have shown promise, they each face limitations in invasiveness, spatial resolution, or clinical applicability. In recent years,...

Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, result from the progressive loss of myelin sheaths in the central and peripheral nervous systems, leading to impaired neural conduction and disability. Current disease-modifying therapies focus on immunosuppression to limit inflammation but fail to restore lost myelin. This lack of regenerative capacity underscores the need for strategies that actively promote remyelination. Recent advances highlight neuromodulation, and in particular...

Magnetic nanodiscs (MNDs) represent a transformative class of anisotropic magnetic nanoparticles with intrinsic vortex magnetization, enabling multifunctional applications in biomedical imaging and therapy. Here, we demonstrate their potential as dual-mode magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents, a unique feature which is enabled by the high longitudinal relaxivity (r (1) ≈ 40 mM^(-1) s^(-1)) at ultralow magnetic fields (<70 µT) in combination with strong transverse relaxivity (r (2) > 150...